• “Manufacturing Culture may well begin new investigations into language aesthetics during the Victorian era and will offer readers new insights into how to begin those investigations. Bizup’s method is excellent, his scholarship very thorough, and his reintroduction of Ure, Gaskell, Kay, and others into discussions of Victorain social policy and aesthetic theory is a service to the field.”
—Joseph W. Childers, author of Novel Possibilities: Fiction and the Formation of Early Victorian Culture
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Manufacturing Culture:
Vindications of Early Victorian Industry
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| Joseph Bizup |
| 256 pages, 6 x 9 |
| Cloth ISBN 0-8139-2246-1 • $39.50 |
| Victorian Literature and Culture Series |
| Available December 2003 |
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From Robert Southey to William Morris, British social critics in the Romantic tradition consistently
stigmatized industry as a threat to aesthetic or humanistic "culture." Joseph Bizup argues
that early Victorian advocates of industry sought to resist the power inherent in this opposition by
portraying automatic manufacture itself as a cultural force or agent. He traces the contours of this new
proindustrial rhetoric as it coalesced in two mutually reinforcing discourses: the contentious debate over
the factory system and its social consequences that raged throughout the 1830s and 1840s, and the
extensive discussions of the social and commercial benefits of good design that culminated in the Great
Exhibition of 1851.
Through careful readings of a diverse array of texts, including treatises on factories and machinery,
medical studies of the working classes, theoretical discussions of the decorative arts, and lectures on
the Great Exhibition, Bizup shows that liberal proponents of industry such as Andrew Ure, Charles
Babbage, James Phillips Kay, and Henry Cole aestheticized manufacture by interpreting its concrete
agents and products—whether they be factory operatives, systems of machinery, mass-produced copies,
or elaborately crafted "art manufactures"—as emblems of a prior conceptual unity or
beauty. They thus allied industry with culture by portraying industry as one realization of the organic
ideal central to the idea of culture. Bizup concludes with an examination of John Ruskin and William Morris's
efforts to counter this sort of rhetorical maneuvering by treating cultured manliness as a figure for the
cooperative impulse they both hoped would replace competitive self-interest as society's organizing value.
By showing that culture could not be opposed to industry in any pure or absolute sense, Manufacturing Culture both enriches our understanding of the Victorian debates over industrialization and contributes greatly to the ongoing scholarly exploration of the complex genealogy of our modern concept of culture.
Joseph Bizup is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University.
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